X = (nā ā n) / nāX: conversion between 0 and 1; n: quantity of reagent monitored.
Use when: Correct the samples and take into account the limiting reagent.
Monitoring an organic reaction
Link reaction family, stoichiometry, kinetics and yield.
What is happening?
An organic reaction modifies chemical bonds and functions. Addition, substitution, elimination and redox describe different transformations, the conditions of which orient the products.
Conversion measures the disappearance of a reactant. Yield measures the product obtained relative to the theoretical quantity: high conversion does not guarantee high yield if side reactions take place.
The formulas, with their conditions.
R = nproduit obtenu / nproduit thƩoriqueR: yield, often expressed in%.
Use when: The theoretical quantity follows from the stoichiometric equation.
k = A exp(āEā/RT)k: kinetic constant; Eā: J/mol; R: JĀ·molā»Ā¹Ā·Kā»Ā¹ ; T: K.
Use when: Arrhenius model on a domain where the mechanism remains relevant.
Where is this principle used?
Fine chemicals factory
Monitor the manufacturing of intermediates and control by-products.
Pharmaceutical industry
Optimize conversion, selectivity and purity.
What to observe in the experiment
Modify a single thermal setpoint and compare conversion and efficiency, without assuming that they always increase together.
References and readings
This sheet explains the principles and their assumptions. Educational simulation can simplify the process; an industrial model requires suitable data and validation.
Have you understood the essentials?
Only one correct answer per question. Answer all three questions, then view the answer key.
Intu Lab Ā· Understanding sheet Ā· Kimba Christian