Ready to charge Enlarge diagram R-01 · Oxidizing mesh — fluidized bed section Functional diagram · progressively fed campaign · no liquid metal
Stirred pulp tank P-01 · Dosing pump Pulp: stop
Blower → air / O₂ Wind box Water → feed guns
Coal / sulfur measured Free zone disengagement
T read: 25°C Estimated gas T Tuyere grid · bubbling dense bed Fluidization according to air flow
Gas + dust → CY-01 · Cyclone Treated gas SO₂ washer · capture
Calcine → cooling Dump / drain
Evolution of treatment
C/S benchmarks: times of additions. Heat appears during combustion, depending on temperature and O₂. In regulation, the heating decreases to compensate; manual mode allows you to compare peaks at constant heating power.
Curve windowlast 30 minutes last 10 minutes · peak details All handling
Oxidizing roasting in charge: sulfides → oxides + SO₂. This module does not represent a Cu–Co sulphating mesh, which aims to retain sulfur in the form of sulfates. No molten metal is produced here.
Assessment and observations ⚠ Educational driving alarms: alert at 850°C, critical at 1000°C. These are not calculated melting temperatures. The solidus depends on the composition and the phases; an actual merger is not predicted by this model.
Formation of ferrites · kg
● Total ● CuFe₂O₄ ● CoFe₂O₄
Threshold of 650 °C and educational kinetics; calculated masses, without phase measurement. Reactions followed live
Handling log Model and references Fictitious lots. Apparent kinetics, thermal losses and 98% capture are educational hypotheses, without industrial calibration. CuFe₂O₄ and CoFe₂O₄ ferrites follow apparent kinetics activated above 650 °C: educational threshold and speed, no experimental identification or equilibrium prediction. The fluidization benchmark (50 Nm³/h) is not a calculated minimum speed. Dust and entrainment are not quantified. CoS is a mineralogical simplification, not cobaltite CoAsS.
The model represents an oxidizing grid, not a prediction of sulfates, CO or reduction in an O₂-poor atmosphere. Carbon and sulfur burn partially depending on the available O₂; the remaining fuel remains in the bed. The heat of the sulfides is approximated by 5 MJ/kg of oxidized sulfur, without enthalpy per mineral. The gas temperature is an estimate; the bed temperature is the calculated thermal state. The mass balances include the oxygen consumed (1.429 kg/Nm³ O₂, reference 0 °C and 1 atm). The solid inventory remains in the bed during the campaign: the calcine output is schematic, without calculated continuous withdrawal.
Metso · Oxidizing roasting Metso · Difference with sulphating mesh SAIMM · pulp supply, lances and grid · NIST · thermochemistry CO₂ · Study on Cu/Co ferrites (does not calibrate this model)
Understand: Toast a sulfurized concentrate Distinguish between oxidation of a sulfide and fusion of a charge.
Roasting transforms a sulfide by reaction with a gaseous, often oxidizing, atmosphere. Solid cullet and gases are produced; depending on the conditions, several intermediate phases can form.
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