Four Water Jacket · reductive fusion Cu–Co
Virtual measurements: pyrometers represent sightings on exposed surfaces; gas and water temperatures are monitored by suitable probes. They do not constitute manufacturer instrumentation.
Load prepared
0 / 500 kg| Lot | Wet | Dry | Cu | Co |
|---|
Conduct of the campaign
Cold start includes wall inertia. No total duration is imposed: reaching the target does not end the campaign. Maintenance, reduction and decantation continue as long as the operator does not leak. The pause freezes the simulation.
Phase history
Temperatures during the campaign
BathNozzlesTank wall
Estimated driving result
Retrievals and fluency: indications of an uncalibrated educational model. Results depend on warm weather, available coke, blowing, fluxes and settling. Alloy purity, phase diagram and sulfide reactions are not predicted.
Theoretical maximum balance
Complete reduction · without metal lossesCuO + C → Cu + CO · CoO + C → Co + CO
Minimum carbon is a stoichiometric requirement, not industrial coke consumption. Air combustion, balances, kinetics and iron reduction are not coupled to this balance.
Reactor characteristics
Model WJ-02 and technical references
Virtual training configuration: water jacket furnace, pretreated Cu–Co oxidized charge, cumulative capacity of 500 kg, four nozzles. The instrumentation, enrichable blowing and automation illustrate modernized driving. Side bath furnaces and sulfurized dies require other models.
Energy in kJ: wall inertia 1,500 kJ/K, Cp load 0.85 kJ/(kg·K), water 2,257 kJ/kg, calcination of limestone 1,780 kJ/kg of CaCO₃ and effective heat of fusion 250 kJ/kg dry. Mixture threshold and empirical CaO/SiO₂ index. The enthalpy is preserved during cold additions: the temperature and the steps are recalculated.
The additional power is capped by the operator. Simplified combustion of excess carbon depends on coke, blowing and oxygen; losses depend on gas and jacket. Variable water heat exchange, output calculated by Q = mass flow × 4.18 × ΔT. Local interlocking thresholds: minimum flow 2 m³/h, outlet 60°C, bath 1,600°C.
Cu/Co reduction, reoxidation and decantation are empirical kinetics. The coefficients and durations must be calibrated on an installation before any industrial use. The maximum stoichiometric balance remains separate from the dynamic balance; it includes neither air nor combustion. The assistant compares trajectories over five simulated minutes, without a trained AI model and without connection to a real oven.
JRC · BREF non-ferrous metal industries (2017)UNIDO · oxygen and enriched blowing in the copper industry
Patent · oxygen-enriched reducing furnace with water jacket walls